Expressions Spirituality On Health Recovery -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Expressions Spirituality On Health Recovery? Answer: Introduction The recovery in mental health means control in experiencing mental health problems. In this task strategies are discussed to reinforce positive mental health for residents and clients. It demonstrates the facility to freedom of choice and exhibits empathy and listening skills. Under this freedom of choice, listening underlying feelings and listen to understand activities are discussed. It also shows communication skills and how it can be worked effectively with the service user. It includes active listening, using simple words and speaking with clarity. The task also includes the ability to work independently and as part of the healthcare team. Under this more flexibility, more satisfaction and responsive activities are used at workplace to understand skills (Slade Wallace, 2017). It also explains the role of mental health support services in improving mental health. The aim of task is to improve mental health at workplace which reflects the partnership approach between the service user and team (Slade, et. al. 2015). The objective is to bring changes in mental health of people in Ireland who are suffering from mental disorders. It can be done by taking help of mental health support services. The psychiatrist, social workers have also contribution in improving mental health. The task is carried out by including activities under freedom of choice, empathy and listening skills, communication skills, working independently and as a member in healthcare team (Browne, et. al. 2017). The service users in Ireland got benefit by improvement in mental health. The psychiatrist and mental health support services are availed to make positive changes in mental disorder (Kidd, Kenny McKinstry, 2015). Demonstrate ability to facilitate freedom of choice and demonstrate empathy and listening skills Freedom of choice: Everyone has right to engage in work and pursue activities freely. It is an ability to choose and opportunity to perform an action. It should be carried out with care and respect for privacy and freedom of choice. The aim of this activity is to give freedom to users to work together with team which gives them ease of working with established contacts and research. Every person in partnership has freedom to exercise rights (Bartholomew, et. al. 2017). The managers want innovation, reciprocity and loyalty from its team. It should be exercised by purpose, passion and performance. Freedom of choice also gives freedom to express ideas. The objective of this activity is to give employees more freedom which results in more productive. The team can also be given freedom to set schedule and level of personality. It gives them opportunity to increase level of service. The task is carried out by giving freedom at workplace can help employees to achieve objectives easily (Park er, 2014). The employees are also found satisfied by exercising freedom at workplace. Freedom builds trust, creates choice within boundaries, grants employees ownership and provides tool to reach goals. Freedom of choice works better with effective listening skills. A person can demonstrate empathy and listening skills by exercising. It can improve mental health by reducing depression, nervousness and negative thoughts. Exercising is also helpful in improving mood, increasing mental illness, energy and stamina. When a person is mentally well than he can take decisions freely without any mental pressure. Listen for underlying feelings: Empathic listening is beyond active listening. Empathy means being open to the idea of others. The listener uses gestures, postures and sounds like yeah, hmm, ok to encourage the person to whom he is listening (Liu, et. al. 2015). It is not just hearing, it understands as well what others are trying to say. The focus of the task is to focus on listening emotional undertone and underlying feelings. It creates more intense contact. It is carried out by underlying feelings of a user and that can be listened by giving undivided attention and observing emotion behind words. It is the aim to attain empathic listening. It also includes summarisation and follows up. By listening, a person benefits by summarising what the other person is trying to say. Paraphrasing is a part of summarising. After summarising the process is followed up. Silence has a great role in conversation. It helps in understanding what others are trying to say. Silence is a functional way to understand better. The empathetic listening increases respect and trust. Art and craft are helpful in knowing underlying feelings as a person can express his feelings going on in mind. Such activities makes a person to express his feelings. An expert can keep eye on sufferer and can help in solving problems faced by the particular person. Other than this a person can reduce stress by art such as painting. A person feel refreshed by such activities. It is also helpful in cooperation and effective communication (Shepherd, et. al. 2014). Empathetic listening can only be achieved by not being judgemental for someone. Listen to understand: Many persons listen only to consider their own opinions and reply according to that. When a person is saying something the user focuses on what he is going to say next rather than focusing on the current conversation. It is the reason why a person responds based on his own opinions. The empathetic listening aims to focus on the views and feelings of a person who is speaking (Vine Komiti, 2015). It also helps in finding solution for problem. It is carried out by listening empathetically and a person keeps his own opinions aside and understands the problem from users point of view. Here are some activities which can be used to improve mental health. Boosting brain power with Bingo is helpful to develop understanding. It helps in concentration and improves mental capacity. It is also great for exercising brain and does not involve physical exercise. It also has positive impact on mental speed. It develops ability to scan information and memory. It makes a persons thinking faster and results in making better decisions. Here are some steps which can be followed to understand what is being said like try to copy what is being said for further understanding, repeat words without saying something new, understand the feeling behind what is said and paraphrase what was said and think about feeling. Misunderstandings should be avoided to understand message in better way. It improves the relationship with others (McKenna, et. al. 2016). Demonstrate communication skills and how you worked effectively with the service user Active listening: Listening is an active process. It is the ability to interpret messages. The messages are usually misunderstood when it is not listened carefully. So, the communication interrupts and user becomes frustrated (Bird, et. al. 2014). The team aims at listening to understand and obtain information from service users. It can be carried out by paying attention, providing feedback, deferring judgement and responding appropriately. The persons who are suffering from mental illness need to be listened actively. The active listening concentrates on what is being said with all senses than just hearing. It helps in curing process. So, the team need to give full attention to the service user. The service user need to be heard, not dismissed. The active listening also focuses on verbal and non- verbal signs of listening. The non-verbal signs can be smile, eye contact, posture, reflection and distraction. The verbal signs are positive reinforcement, remembering, questioning, clarif ication and summarisation (Simpson, et. al. 2015). A person can better listen by continuing aerobic exercises such as walking, jogging, swimming, gardening and dancing. It improves mood of a person and increase blood circulation to brain. The persons who exercise regularly are not only better in health but can better focus on work by effective listening. It enables to concentrate on work. The user should also face and maintain eye contact with team leader. He should be attentive, relaxed and keep an open mind. The good listening skill leads to better user satisfaction. It also enhances productivity. Use simple words and speak with clarity: At the time of communication with the service user or the person who is suffering with mental illness, the team should aim at abstaining giving unnecessary details and using too many words. The service users can better understand short and simple sentences which have clarity and can process communication effectively. The voice reveals personality of a person. The persons, who have command on their voice, usually have confidence in themselves. The team should avoid giving commands as it can attack their ego (Funk, 2016). If the persons are respected with dignity they will feel less defended. It also results in gaining cooperation of users. A person can do better communication only if he is stress free. A person who has everything clear in his mind will speak with clarity. The clear communication skills should have clarity, confidence and credibility. The mental health awareness quiz is the activity which can be used for working effectively. It focuses on mental disorders. It is the best way to test mental health issues and check the things which are uncomfortable in the mind of a person. The fast rate and mumbling are also the reason behind unclear speech. The accent also makes difficult to understand. The communication skills can be improved by speaking slow to clarify messages. The users can be encouraged to speak in the correct manner with confidence and clarity. It helps in reflecting their personality. The accents also add distinctiveness to voice. Slow down, keeping head up and pause occasionally are the exercises required to speak efficiently and clearly (Rickwood Thomas, 2017). Avoid arguments and heated communication: The persons suffering from mental illness could be experiencing depression, anxiety, audio illusions and misguided beliefs. These symptoms interferes ability of persons to engage in rational discussions. They usually have no tendency to control and change their behaviours. They do not have ability to engage in logical conversations so its better to abstain from arguing with the persons who are suffering from mental illness. The better way to deal with them is to understand them rather than questioning their misconceptions (Townsend Morgan, 2017). As questioning on their misconceptions can result in over reaction and argument. Arguments are unavoidable occurrence. It arises because of different views and difference in opinions. The task can be carried out by avoiding discussions and making assumptions at workplace. A person can involve in activity like Facebook groups for mental health. A person can involve in groups to focus on mental health issues. The persons in group help each other to improve mental health by conducting various activities and boot camps. It avoids personal attacks and emotional outbursts. Advising, threatening and diagnosing are the common mistakes which should be avoided. It initiates arguments and heated communication. At the time of argument or conflict, a person should make eye contact, use stable tone of voice and use gestures wisely. Listening carefully benefits in a best way to manage conflict. The team should carefully listen to service user to alleviate conflict. It can be avoided by making eye contact and by asking sensible questions (Muskett, 2014). Demonstrate the ability to work independently and as part of the healthcare team More flexibility: The individuals who work independently in Ireland focuses and concentrates on providing healthcare service appropriately. A healthcare organisation has many departments. So, a person can set own working hours, can choose the department where want to work and can decide fees. Usually the individual person provides high level of quality. The person who provides good quality is not forced to work as per set schedule. As a part of healthcare team, a person can work well with other co-workers. The workers can use mutual support and communication techniques in a team (Cleary, et. al. 2017). It is effective to work in team because of increasing complication and specialization of care, staff shortages and increasing chronic diseases. It is more flexible to work as an individual person. As an individual person can take actions the way wanted by him. The person does not have need to take permission for any action. The person who is working independently becomes easy to focus. A person can become more flexible by including activity such as by reading books of mental health. It changes perspective of a person. It changes the negative approach of a person into positive. Sometimes the team becomes less productive as it involves in gossip and chatting. So, the books changes thinking of a person and stops a person by involving in gossip. An individual can do best to get the best results. The person becomes more flexible and responsible as there is on one to provide any help or advices (Chiba, et. al. 2017). More satisfaction: Individual persons are found more satisfied as they are responsible only for their action, duties and are credited for success alone. The individual person is clearer about things as there are not too many persons to give ideas and thoughts. The independent person becomes self-aware and self-monitoring. The individual person is less supervised so has more opportunities to use talent. The patients are found satisfied with the attention of healthcare teams. The team feels less stress when every member fulfils its duties. There is less confusion in team when the duties are assigned to each and every member. It also contributes to the treatment of patients. The patients also experience great satisfaction when the roles are defined in a team. When a person works as team, has specific goals to meet objectives (Alvarez-Jimenez, et. al. 2017). The person who can tackle queries alone and has knowledge on all subject matters can work as an individual. The person should have abilities like confidence, patience, experience and specialisation. The persons are more satisfied when they are kept stress free in the organisation. It can be done by conducted activities on weekend. It involves fun activities such as playing games and quiz. The persons feel stress free and refresh. A person feels change by such activities and interest can be maintained and provide services in a better way. It reduces boredom from an organisation. Responsive: Individuals are easy approach and can be needed at any time. The individuals response is better in integrating new technologies. An effective team includes team members as well as patients. Being in a team, members communicate with each other and response well. As they discuss their observations and expertise. It is helpful as can be benefitted in decision making. The understanding of team towards work culture provides better response towards mental health of persons. The activities such as Bingo provides better response towards organisation by a person. It improves mental health. Matching numbers on Bingo card can speed up the mental health of a person. It requires different brain skills. It not only improves the mental capacity but also works on the language centre of brain. It enables a person to response better towards growth of an organisation. Understanding of the following points in relation to positive mental health and mental health promotion. Residential care policies: The health care policies for mental disorders are one of the major challenges for mental health system. The residential care denotes to long term care to the persons who stay in residential rather than in home. Residential care is required when the home based care is not available. There are unit cares in relation to positive mental health and for the promotion of mental health: Psychiatric hospital care: The patients or workers prefer to go psychiatric hospital once they identify that they are ill. The mental illness can lead to suicide attempts. Treatment can be done against the will of patient if it is required. It can be due to use of drugs also. The patients are set free only after the improvement in mental condition (Naslund, et. al. 2016). Rehabilitation unit care: The persons who are habituated to drugs are admitted to rehabilitation unit care for the treatment. The recommended drugs are used to patients off addictive drugs and to stop intake of such drugs. The duration of stay at units are determined by the need of patients or external factors (Salvador-Carulla, et. al. 2015). The insurance cover includes treatment in private facilities for a limited period of time. The rehabilitation unit cares have long waiting lists. Procedure: The positive mental health refers to what is right for people. It continues as: Connect: It is suggested to connect with team members at workplace. Time is spending in developing relationships. Keeping good relationship can help in mental wellbeing (Myers, et. al. 2016). Be active: Activities are involved for the positive mental health such as walk, cycling or playing any game. The most interested activity of members is found out and makes it a part of routine. As physical activities help in fighting with depression and being active can actually improve well-being. Learn new skills: Learning is a process of achievement. It gives confidence and a sense of realisation. The members can be learnt things which are helpful in improving their performance. Learning new things can improve mental wellbeing. Interacting with people can also help in learning new things. Give to others: The smallest and largest acts can improve mental wellbeing such as giving a thanks note, passing a smile, giving voluntary service at any community centre. The members feel happy and satisfied. Helping, supporting and working with others are some acts which are good for mental wellbeing. Be mindful: A person should be aware of the current movement including views and feelings. It is called mindfulness. It has power to change the way a person feel about life and how challenges are approached. Good practice skills when caring for service users: Make sure the users are informed of their rights and responsibilities at the time of admission in centre. The members are assisted to understand them. Make sure that the patients are informed of protection policies and they are supposed to follow them. The staff of centre is made available for training and for any updates for their rights. The users get opportunity to express their opinions related to their care. It assures that the users embrace educational, psychological, health and social evolving needs (Strand, Gammon Ruland, 2017). It enables users and their families to access complain system which should be fair and justified. Identification and facilitation of service users specific needs: Meeting digital service standard: Meeting digitals service includes following points: It shows that the team have full knowledge of who users are. It explains that the team has designed the service to reveal users needs. Provides evidence to support understanding and need of users. Understanding user needs: The government services are used to register vote, tax on vehicle or VAT bill paid (Ellison, et. al. 2018). The user needs are the needs which should satisfy to get the right result. The services designed are: It is more likely to be used by the user. It helps users to get the right product and this way achieves their policy. It costs less for operating by reducing time and money evolved on solving problems. Researching users and needs: The team researches developmental phases to be sure that the service meets user needs. It includes the phases like: When to research How to research Who to research with Practice in areas of competence and areas for improvement in your role in caring for service users to promote positive mental health and/or caring for a service user with a mental illness. Treat users with respect: The users should be respected as individuals and colleagues. The users should not be labelled because of their association with other groups. Giving respect actually helps in improving mental health. Provide care and support: The users need, preference and ambitions should be kept in centre to care and support. It holds the dignity of both user and staff (Jacob, 2015). Recovery approach to mental health: the recovery approach to mental health helps in sustaining personality and self-respect; these are closely associated to self-esteem (Schrank, et.al. 2014). Human rights approach to mental health care: To overcome mental illness the human rights should be protected. It should be enacted when their capability, choice and control are compromised under their mental health. Characteristics associated with three different types of mental illness Mental disorder refers to the mental health disorders which affects, temper, thinking and behaviour. For instance anxiety disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, depression and addictive behaviors (De Vecchi, Kenny Kidd, 2015). The mental health concern can become mental illness if symptoms cause frequent stress. Anxiety disorders: Anxiety disorders are caused by excessive anxiety and worry. The people who are suffering from anxiety disorders respond to situations with fear and dread. The physical signs of anxiety can be fast heartbeat and sweating. The characteristics of anxiety disorders are: Trouble sleeping: The person who is suffering from mental illness, it is common to have trouble in sleeping. It is hard for a person to fall asleep or may wake up very early or may sleep too much (Harris, et.al. 2015). Nausea: A person may experience nausea with vomiting during anxiety. The persons who suffer from anxiety also suffer from nausea more frequently. It can be relieved by medications prescribed by the physician. Tension: The persons who suffer from anxiety disorders experiences tension for long period. Tension is the main reason behind headaches (Silverman, 2015). Mood disorders: The common feature of mood disorder is disturbance in mood and the characteristics are: Bipolar disorder: The bipolar disorder is combination of mania and depression. It affects mood, activity and energy level of a person unexpectedly. Depressive disorder: The depressive disorder is caused by the presence of one or major depressive periods (Tuck Anderson, 2014). Substance induced mood disorders: It is the most common mood disorder. The people who are suffering from mood disorder turn to substance abuse. Psychotic disorders: The psychotic disorders can be known as having misunderstandings and illusions. It is a serious illness and affects mind. Its characteristics are: Obsessive thinking: The person suffering from psychotic disorders lead to obsessive thinking. These are violent and fearful in nature (Young, et. al. 2017). Distorted perceptions: People have distorted perceptions for their body and personality. The people with distorted perceptions think different than the healthy persons. Sleep problems: Sleep problem is characteristics of psychotic disorders. The relationship between the psychotic disorders and sleep is complex. Impact which the mental illness has upon the clients care needs The mental illness puts effects on the mind of a person and results in suicidal thoughts and on the behaviour of a person. However mental illness does not always lead to suicidal attempts (Perry Pescosolido, 2015). There is risk of attempting suicide which is kept in mind as a part of care towards client. The workplace have written plan of action for dealing with mental illness and response to the need and care of clients, for instance, denoting to disaster mental health services. The team members need to be known with recommended procedures. They may need training in response to people attempting suicide. The care can be shown towards need of clients by judging and managing stressed clients (Lowe, et. al. 2016). Outline and analyse three mental health support services available in Ireland that assist in Mental Health Recovery St. PatricksMental Health Services: St. Patrick is a non-profit mental health organisation. It provides various treatment programmes for mood disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar depression and abuse programmes. The organisation has also departments for occupational therapy, clinical therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and social work. It offers mental health services as an hospital, community, outpatient and inpatient. St. Patrick has a centre named Wellness and recovery which offers 25 day service programmes (Slade, et. al. 2015). Grow: Grow was founded in 1957 and has network of 130 groups in Ireland. It is an organisation for the recovery of mental health. It helps to people who are suffering or suffered in past from mental illness. The members are assisted to recover mental health and illness (Halter, 2017). It also helps in preventing mental breakdown. The organisation supports members to share experience with each other to recover from mental health. Jigsaw: The organisation helps young people who are connected to community and face challenges to mental health. The service development programme of Jigsaw changes the mental health of young people in Ireland through research and encouragement. The young people are given support to develop good mental health. As young people contributes in emerging a supportive environment to substitute mental health (Beyer, et. al, 2014). The organisation applies innovation and best practices in mental health. Clearly identify all key mental health professionals who work in adult mental health services and outline their respective roles Mental health professionals are health care practitioners who provide service to improve mental illness. There are number of professionals in Ireland who provide services: Addiction Counsellor: Addiction counsellor offers assessment and treatment for the people who are addicted to drugs and alcohol. A person goes for detoxification programme before getting counselling for addiction. Clinical psychologist: The clinical psychologist is specialist in improving mental health and works as a team member of mental health in a hospital (Le Boutillier, et. al. 2015). Counselling psychologist: The counselling psychologists focuses to reduce stress and to supports physical well-being of clients by evaluating mental health issues. Mental health and social worker: The mental health social workers carry functions as a member of disciplinary team. Psychologist: The psychologists are expert in studying human behaviour and can understand feelings, opinions and behaviour (Barbic, 2017). Demonstrate a clear understanding of the experience of the person who is using various supports/services. According to a person in Ireland started availing mental health service in Ireland when he was just 19. In the first year of college, that person was dependent on alcohol. So, decided to take support from the counselling service of college. When the pressure began to build in the final year of college, the student decided to visit doctor who prescribed some anti- depressants. At this time the student started getting psychiatric service. After meeting with many encouraging professionals, he reached to the judgement that he was depressed and needed medication. He explained that his mood fluctuates violently and sometimes daily too. The person made his own attempts to self-medicate and realised that he is suffering from anxiety and started taking valium, which was prescribed by the clinic. After a year he stopped consuming valium. But the thing got worse and was referred to a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist made a judgement of depressed and suggested valium for anxiety. He threw away the description and he himself dealt with the issue. After visiting AE later on, he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and was treated after years of medication and counselling Highlight the clients perspective on the role of various services in supporting their own mental health and recovery Relationships and communication: At the time of working in partnership the people uses mental health services offers aid, treatment and care. It builds trust, support and non-judgmental relationships which is significant part of care. Working with the people using mental health services aims to adopt active participation in the treatment decisions. It takes into consideration the need of disable people who are suffering from hearing and language difficulties (Tondora, et. al. 2014). Provides information: When working with the persons using mental health services provides written information about the treatment and mental health problems. It should be available in appropriate language. Access to resources should be advised. Critical evaluation of mental health support services, considered reflections and recommendations for improvements. The mental health services provided by St. Patrick has educated and trained persons who are experiencing mental illness problems, employees and patients. It has promoted and funded research into the cause and treatment of mental health problems (Tickle, Brown Hayward, 2014). Grow has worked to address needs of people in respect of mental health. It has actively campaign and advocated to improve mental health issues. Jigsaw has provided high quality service and works for young people. It understands the mental health needs of young people in Ireland. It is recommended to establish an independent mental health champion in Northern Ireland which role should be to protect rights and interests of persons with mental health problems. It is an independent advocate who plays role in safeguarding mental health services which continue to be developed to meet need of users. It is also recommended that the commissioners of mental health services should promote a person centred and relationship based approach to deliver service References Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Gleeson, J., Bendall, S., Rice, S., Dalfonso, S., Eleftheriadis, D., Russon, P., Rumney, L., Mackinnon, J., McGorry, P. and Nelson, B., 2017. SU125. 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Validity and reliability of Recovery Assessment Scale for cantonese speaking Chinese consumers with mental illness.International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,15(1), pp.198-208.

Women in Mathematics Essay Example Essay Example

Women in Mathematics Essay Example Paper Women in Mathematics Essay Introduction Women in Mathematics Every human is created with a gift of some sort. Whether it is an athletic ability, a wonderful singing voice, or an ability to relate to other individuals, every one has a special gifting. For many women in history, their ability was deciphering and understanding the intricacies of math. Although various cultures discouraged women mathematicians, these women were able to re-define the standards for women in this field of study. Hypatia of Alexandria was born in Roman Egypt and was the daughter of a teacher of mathematics, Theon of Alexandria. Hypatia studied with her father as well as with many other mathematicians. When she was older, she taught at the Neoplatonist school of philosophy. She wrote on mathematics, philosophy, as well as anatomy. Her studies covered the motion of the planets, conic sections, and number theory, which is â€Å"one of the oldest branches of pure mathematics, and one of the largest. It concerns questions about numbers, typically mean ing whole numbers as well as rational numbers. Although little information about Hypatia survives, it has been discovered that she was a very popular lecturer that drew students from various locations. Women in Mathematics Essay Body Paragraphs She is known for her invention of the plane astrolabe, which is an elaborate inclinometer with the ability to locate and predict the locations of the sun, moon, planets, and stars and the graduated brass hydrometer which was used to determine the relative density or specific gravity of liquids. Hypatia’s teachings were not accepted by the Christian bishop, Cyril due to her pagan beliefs. His public dislike towards her is said to have been the cause of the attack by a mob that lead to her death. Most of her work was destroyed when the library of Alexandria was burned by the Arab conquerors, however, her studies have been discovered through the work of others who quoted her as well as through letters. I believe Hypatia was one of the first inspirational women mathematicians. Despite the danger she knew she was facing, she chose to do what she enjoyed. Elena Cornaro Piscopia was born in 1646 in Venice into the family of a public official. Her father provided the means of educatio n to his children. Elena was recognized as a child prodigy when she was seven years old by a parish priest. She then began to study theology, mathematics, Latin, Greek, and music. Clerics, royals, and scientists came to Venice to speak with her due to the widespread attraction of her achievements. As she grew older, Elena was the first woman to apply in theology at a university in Italy. She was also the first woman to earn a doctoral degree. After receiving her master’s and doctorate degrees in philosophy, she went on to become a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Padua until her death in 1684. Although she is not famous for discovering any particular math problem, she was very influential in her time and inspired many other women to pursue mathematics. Maria Agnesi was born in Italy in 1718 and was the daughter of Pietro Agnesi, a wealthy nobleman and professor of mathematics. Maria, like Elena, was recognized as a child prodigy and was taught five languages. Her father invited his colleagues over for Maria to present speeches to. By the age of 13 Maria was able to debate in French, Spanish, and Latin. Although Maria did not enjoy giving the speeches, she continued until the age of twenty. That year, Maria made a compilation of the speeches she had given over the years and published them in Latin. The title of the compilations in English is â€Å"Philosophical Propositions. † The topics included celestial mechanics, which refers to the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects and applies to the field of physics, Isaac Newton’s Gravitation Theory that states that any two objects in the universe exert gravitational attraction on each other, and elasticity. Maria’s father married twice after the death of her mother, causing her to be the eldest of 21 children. She was required to provide education to her siblings. Maria wrote a mathematics textbook over the course of ten years which was titledâ⠂¬  Instituzioni Analitiche† which was published in 1748 in two volumes. The first volume contained information on algebra, arithmetic, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and calculus. The second covered infinite series and differential equations. Due to her ability to understand many languages, Maria was able to bring together various ideas from mathematicians of all cultures. The name â€Å"witch of Agnesi† refers to a mathematical problem of finding the equation for a certain bell-shaped curve which was named after her by English mathematician John Colson. When Maria’s father passed in 1752, Maria discontinued the education she had been providing to her siblings and devoted her life to helping the less fortunate. I found Maria’s story to be very admirable due to the extreme selflessness she possessed. Although she desired to further her mathematical studies, she spent a large portion of her life educating her younger siblings, and spent the remaining tim e devoted to the poor. Sophie Germain was born in France in 1776 and was the daughter of Ambroise-Francois Germain, who was a wealthy middle class silk merchant and a French politician. During Sophie’s childhood, the French Revolution was occurring, so Sophie was kept isolated from the chaos by staying in her home with her two sisters. She chose to pass the time by reading through the books in her father’s extended library. Sophie was particularly fond of the story of Archimedes of Syracuse who was killed while reading geometry. To see a man so captivated by a subject influenced her to pursue math. Sophie taught mathematics to herself in her native language as well as in Latin and Greek so as to be able to gain understanding from a wider range of mathematic books. Her family was not particularly fond of her studying, but she was so enthralled by mathematics that she studied at night until her family accepted what she loved. In eighteenth century France, women were not normally accepted into universities, however, Sophie was able to borrow the notes from mathematic professors and was able to send comments about the work to the professors by hiding behind the pseudonym of a male, â€Å"M. e Blanc. † Sophie Germain studied number theory and Chladni figures, which is a technique that shows the various modes of vibration of a rigid surface. Her study of these figures was the foundation to the mathematics used today when constructing skyscrapers. Her study of number theory lead to partial progress on Fermat’s Last Theorem, which states that if x, y, z, and n are integers then xn + yn = zn cannot be solved for any n greater than 2. Sophie was able to show that for prime exponents less than 100, there could be no solutions relatively prime to the exponent of that number. After this work, she was accepted into sessions at the Institut de France and became the first woman with this privilege. She died in 1831 of breast cancer. I believe Sophi e is inspirational due to her extreme intelligence by finding an addition to Fermat’s two-century’s old theorem. Had she not been diligent in pursuing mathematics although it was inconvenient, she would have never been presented the opportunity to impart such knowledge into history. Sonya Kovalevskaya was drawn to mathematics in a rather peculiar way. As a young child, born in 1850 in Russia, Sonya was mesmerized by the lecture notes of Mikhail Ostrogradsky on differential and integral calculus that made up the wallpaper of her family’s estate. Sonya’s father did not allow her to study mathematics abroad, and Russia did not allow women to attend the universities, thus Sonya was forced to find an alternative means of furthering her education. She entered into a marriage of convenience with Vladimir Kovalensky, and left Russia with him and her sister. Sonya went on to Heidelberg where she was granted permission to study at the university. Two years later, s he went on to study mathematics with Karl Weierstrass who assisted her in pursuing a degree in mathematics. Sonya’s dissertation on partial differential equations, which refers to an equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives, resulted in receiving a doctorate without having attended any class at the university and is today called the Cauch-Kovelevskaya Theorem. Sonya was also awarded with the Prix Bordin from the French Academie Royale des Sciences for her research over how Saturn’s rings rotated, now referred to as the Kovelevskaya top. She also was appointed to a chair at the Swedish Academy of Sciences- making her the first woman to receive this title. I believe her story is especially inspirational due to her ground-breaking achievements including titles and positions that had never been awarded to women before. All of these women pioneers of mathematics teach a very valuable lesson. The culture during the time of these fi ve particular women did not accept the studies that these mathematicians longed to be educated in. Their extreme ability, or gifting, of solving problems and assembling theorems was not only widely unaccepted, it was also widely unappreciated. Even after the accomplishments of these women, their work is often undermined. In the midst of opposing forces telling them they should not, or even could not go into the field of mathematics, they believed in their ability enough to pursue it whole-heartedly and in return, they have left a legacy and have inspired women to fight what is culturally accepted to follow what is in your heart, and the things for which you have a particular talent in. Citations Lewis, Jone J. â€Å"Women in MathematicsHistory. † About. com Women’s History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Lewis, Jone J. â€Å"Hypatia Of Alexandria. † About. com Women’s History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. â€Å"11: Number Theory. † 11: Number Theory. Ed. Dave Rusin. N. p. , 02 July 2006. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. Swift, Amanda. â€Å"Sophie Germain. † Sophie Germain. N. p. , Apr. 1995. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Partial Differential Equation. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Mathematics Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Mathematics Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Mathematics Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Life and Work of Herbert Spencer

Life and Work of Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher and sociologist who was intellectually active during the Victorian period. He was known for his contributions to evolutionary theory and for applying it outside of biology, to the fields of philosophy, psychology, and within sociology. In this work, he coined the term survival of the fittest.  In addition, he helped develop the functionalist perspective, one of the major theoretical frameworks in sociology. Early Life and Education Herbert Spencer was born in Derby, England on April 27, 1820. His father, William George Spencer, was a rebel of the times and cultivated in Herbert an anti-authoritarian attitude. George, as his father was known, was the founder of a school that used unconventional teaching methods and was a contemporary of Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles. George focused Herberts early education on science, and simultaneously, he was introduced to philosophical thinking through Georges membership in the Derby Philosophical Society. His uncle, Thomas Spencer, contributed to Herberts education by instructing him in mathematics, physics, Latin, and free-trade and libertarian political thinking. During the 1830s Spencer worked as a civil engineer while the railways were being constructed throughout Britain, but also spent time writing in radical local journals. Career and Later Life Spencers career became focused on intellectual matters in 1848  when he became an editor for  The Economist, the now widely-read weekly magazine that was first published in England in 1843. While working for the magazine through 1853, Spencer also wrote his first book,  Social Statics, and published it in 1851. Titled for a concept of August Comte, in this work, Spencer used Lamarcks ideas about evolution and applied them to society, suggesting that people adapt to the social conditions of their lives. Because of this, he argued, social order would follow, and so the rule of a political state would be unnecessary. The book was considered a work of libertarian political philosophy, but also, is what makes Spencer a founding thinker of the functionalist perspective within sociology. Spencers second book,  Principles of Psychology, was published in 1855 and made the argument that natural laws govern the human mind. At about this time, Spencer began to experience significant mental health problems that limited his ability to work, interact with others, and function in society. Despite this, he began work on a major undertaking, which culminated in the nine-volume  A System of Synthetic Philosophy. In this work, Spencer elaborated on how the principle of evolution had been applied within not only biology, but in psychology, sociology, and in the study of morality. Overall, this work suggests  that societies are organisms that progress through a process of evolution similar to that experienced by living species, a concept known to as social Darwinism. In the latter period of his life, Spencer was regarded as the greatest living philosopher of the time. He was able to live off of income from the sale of his books and other writing, and his works were translated into many languages and read all over the world. However, his life took a dark turn in the 1880s, when he switched positions on many of his well-known libertarian political views. Readers lost interest in his new work and Spencer found himself lonely as many of his contemporaries died. In 1902, Spencer received a nomination for the Nobel Prize for literature, but did not win it, and died in 1903 at the age of 83 years old. He was cremated and his ashes interred opposite the grave of Karl Marx in Highgate Cemetery in London. Major Publications Social Statics: The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness (1850)Education (1854)The Principles of Psychology (1855)The Principles of Sociology (1876-1896)The Data of Ethics (1884)The Man Versus the State (1884) Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The importance of exchange rate regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The importance of exchange rate regimes - Essay Example In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation’s exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis-à  -vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market.  Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one an other. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually â€Å"float† against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.   Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into three more subsystems.... Mishkin (2003) defines the exchange rate as the price of one currency in terms of another (say euros per dollar) and it is in the foreign exchange market that they are determined. In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation's exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis--vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market. Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one another. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually "float" against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.1 Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into

The importance of exchange rate regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The importance of exchange rate regimes - Essay Example In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation’s exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis-à  -vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market.  Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one an other. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually â€Å"float† against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.   Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into three more subsystems.... Mishkin (2003) defines the exchange rate as the price of one currency in terms of another (say euros per dollar) and it is in the foreign exchange market that they are determined. In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation's exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis--vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market. Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one another. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually "float" against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.1 Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into

The importance of exchange rate regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The importance of exchange rate regimes - Essay Example In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation’s exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis-à  -vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market.  Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one an other. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually â€Å"float† against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.   Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into three more subsystems.... Mishkin (2003) defines the exchange rate as the price of one currency in terms of another (say euros per dollar) and it is in the foreign exchange market that they are determined. In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation's exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis--vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market. Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one another. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually "float" against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.1 Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into

Should national energy policy in the US focus on building more nuclear Research Paper

Should national energy policy in the US focus on building more nuclear power plants - Research Paper Example Due to the growing issue of safety and security globally, many terrorist organizations are trying to access nuclear facilities for endangering the security of the United States. Internally, the existing nuclear reactors in U.S. will experience change in their design as they have received 20 year operating license extensions (Blatt 228). Nuclear disposal management poses a severe challenge for the authorities as well. The problem of highly radioactive waste disposal and storage has adopted a controversial aspect. Consequently, it is more feasible to use alternative energy resources such as biomass, wind energy, ethanol, and other resources. In the subsequent part of this research paper, first the Energy Policy is accounted for, which is followed by cost, safety and security side, and waste management of nuclear plants. Before summary, alternative sources to nuclear plants are elaborated. Energy Policy The Energy Policy Act (EPA) accounts for energy production in the United States (Env ironmental Protection Agency). The Policy includes the issues such as energy efficiency, oil and gas , coal, renewable energy, nuclear matters and security, tribal energy, vehicles and motor fuels including ethanol, energy tax incentives, hydrogen, hydropower and geothermal energy and climate change technology. ... On the other hand, the secondary energy source is provided by electricity that is produced from the primary sources. According to the statistics provided by the EIA, the breakout of total energy production in 2010 was: Coal- 30 % Natural gal -30% Petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids)- 19% Nuclear electric power- 10% Renewable energy- 10%. Cost Side of Nuclear Energy Development Nuclear energy requires higher cost for development and maintenance as well. In this regard, Holt (2) contends that the reasons for the 30-year halt in U.S. nuclear plant orders include higher capital costs. Holt further elaborates the construction costs for reactors completed since the mid-1980s remained within $2 to $7 billion, averaging more than $ 3,700 per kilowatt of electric generating capacity- in 2007 dollars. Without any doubt, the higher cost of development would put more pressure over the U.S. economy which is already squeezed by the current waves of financial crisis. Additionally, th e 30-year halt in nuclear plant development clearly highlights the existing concerns over developing or going nuclear for fulfilling energy needs. Safety Side of Nuclear Plants Safety of Nuclear plants has become a burning issue. On the external side, many terrorist organizations such as Al- Qaeda and its associates are putting everything they could to destabilize American economy and people. For their dirty aims, they can go to any extent. Under such conditions and threats, the nuclear safety has become more significant than ever before. On the internal side, Blatt argues that over the next two to three decades, the existing nuclear reactors in U.S. will observe change with improved designs as most existing reactors are receiving twenty-year operating